Endophytic microbiota and ectomycorrhizal structure of Alnus glutinosa Gaertn. at saline and nonsaline forest sites

The tolerance of European alder ( Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.) to soil salinity can be attributed to symbiosis with microorganisms at the absorptive root level. However, it is uncertain how soil salinity impacts microbial recruitment in the following growing season. We describe the bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere and endosphere of A. glutinosa absorptive roots at three tested sites with different salinity level. We determined the morphological diversity of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, the endophytic microbiota in the rhizosphere, and the colonization of new absorptive roots in the following growing season. While bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere was higher than that in the absorptive root endosphere, the opposite was true for fungi. Actinomycetota, Frankiales, Acidothermus sp. and Streptomyces sp. were more abundant in the endosphere than in the rhizosphere, while Actinomycetota and Acidothermus sp. dominated at saline sites compared to nonsaline sites. Basidiomycota, Thelephorales, Russulales, Helotiales, Cortinarius spp. and Lactarius spp. dominated the endosphere, while Ascomycota, Hypocreales and Giberella spp. dominated the rhizosphere. The ECM symbioses formed by Thelephorales ( Thelephora , Tomentella spp.) constituted the core community with absorptive roots in the spring and further colonized new root tips during the growing season. With an increase in soil salinity, the overall fungal abundance decreased, and Russula spp. and Cortinarius spp. were not present at all. Similarly, salinity also negatively affected the average length of the absorptive root. In conclusion, the endophytic microbiota in the rhizosphere of A. glutinosa was driven by salinity and season, while the ECM morphotype community was determined by the soil fungal community present during the growing season and renewed in the spring.