The impact of COVID-19 on health-related quality of life: a systematic review and evidence-based recommendations

This systematic review examines the impact of COVID-19 on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) across different populations, focusing on demographic, socio-economic, and COVID-19-related factors. A comprehensive search of PubMed from 2020 to 2022 was conducted, identifying 37 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Studies were assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards tools. Data extraction included study characteristics, HRQoL measures, and health state utility values. Thirty-seven studies were conducted with a total of 46,709 individuals and 274 HSUVs ranging from 0.224 to 1. Research included Europe (n = 20), North America (n = 4), Asia (n = 11), South America (n = 1), and Africa (n = 1). Utility was measured using 15D (n = 3), EQ-5D-5L (n = 24), EQ-5D-3L (n = 8), VAS (n = 1), and TTO (n = 1). The review found significant decreases in HRQoL among COVID-19 survivors, particularly those with severe symptoms, due to persistent fatigue, breathlessness, and psychological distress. Quarantine and isolation measures also negatively impacted HRQoL, with increased anxiety and depression. Vaccination status influenced HRQoL, with vaccinated individuals reporting better outcomes. Socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, education, employment, marital status, and income significantly affected HRQoL, with older adults, females, and unemployed individuals experiencing lower HRQoL. COVID-19 has profoundly affected HRQoL, highlighting the need for comprehensive post-recovery rehabilitation programs and targeted public health interventions. Addressing socio-demographic disparities is crucial to mitigate the pandemic’s impact on HRQoL. Policymakers and healthcare providers should implement strategies to support affected populations, emphasizing mental health support, social support systems, and vaccination programs.