Dissecting Regulatory Non-Coding Heart Disease GWAS Loci with High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Interactions Reveals Causal Genes with Pathophysiological Relevance to Heart Failure

Heart failure is caused in part by cardiac remodeling processes that include the death of cardiac myocytes and their replacement by cardiac fibroblasts. We hypothesized that these two cell types may harbor epigenetic contexts in which heart disease-associated non-coding SNPs perturb gene expression relevant to disease. Accordingly, we generated high-resolution Hi-C data layered with functional genomic information to annotate and link putative distal regulatory elements in heart disease-associated loci to gene promoters. Our analysis identified several target genes with established roles in cardiac fibrosis and/or heart disease (GJA1, TBC1D32, CXCL12, IL6R, and FURIN). Perturb-seq in cardiac fibroblasts after knocking out putative regulatory elements confirmed regulatory relationships involving GJA1, CXCL12, and FURIN, in addition to changes in transcriptomic signatures associated with fibroblasts in heart failure. Our results demonstrate how integrative multi-omic approaches can delineate pathophysiologically relevant regulatory circuits that connect protein-coding genes to non-coding genetic variants associated with disease. ### Competing Interest Statement D L, IE, JC, HZ, BP, BA, and CL are Amgen employees and RG, JY, TY, YA, SW, BA, CL, and YH are or were Amgene employees when performing experiments and data analysis. DL, IE, JC, HZ, BP, BA, CL, RG, JY, TY, YA, SW, BA, CL, and YH all own Amgen stocks.